No single hormone makes you sad, but fluctuations in hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and cortisol can significantly impact mood, often by affecting feel-good chemicals like serotonin and dopamine, leading to irritability, low mood, or depression, especially when levels drop. For example, falling estrogen can reduce serotonin, while high cortisol from chronic stress disrupts overall balance, both contributing to sadness.
What hormones cause depression? A drop in estrogen and progesterone may trigger depressive episodes. Increased levels of progesterone, such as through taking a progesterone-only contraceptive, may also increase the risk of depression in some people. Low testosterone levels may also cause depression.
Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, which are in charge of sending impulses between nerve cells, are the main hormones linked to depression and sadness. In specifically, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are three neurotransmitters that are vital.
Some of the most common symptoms of depression are low motivation and the inability to feel pleasure. These things are all associated with a deficiency of dopamine. People with depression might also have a flat affect, meaning that they don't show much emotion. That, too, is attributed to low levels of dopamine.
Still, serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine do play a major role in our mood. So, whenever you feel happy, sad or anything in between, remember that these tiny chemicals are at work all over your body to make you feel that way.
Sadness is associated with increased activity of the right occipital lobe, the left insula, the left thalamus the amygdala and the hippocampus. The hippocampus is strongly linked with memory, and it makes sense that awareness of certain memories is associated with feeling sad.
For example, chronic loneliness can drive up cortisol levels in the body. Cortisol is a hormone that your body creates when under stress.
Low dopamine symptoms often involve a lack of motivation, pleasure (anhedonia), and energy, leading to fatigue, mood changes like depression/anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and a reduced sex drive, alongside physical issues such as sleep problems, muscle stiffness, tremors, and slow movement (like in Parkinson's).
New evidence shows that people who maintain a range of healthy habits, from good sleep to physical activity to strong social connections, are significantly less likely to experience depression.
Foods known to increase dopamine include chicken, almonds, apples, avocados, bananas, beets, chocolate, green leafy vegetables, green tea, lima beans, oatmeal, oranges, peas, sesame and pumpkin seeds, tomatoes, turmeric, watermelon and wheat germ. Engage in activities that make you happy or feel relaxed.
THE FUNCTION OF SADNESS
This can be a signal to others saying that we need comforting, or to ourselves to take some time and recoup from our loss. Some people can derive pleasure from their sadness and may even seek out experiences that evoke sadness for a cathartic effect.
Antidepressants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) — which include fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva), sertraline (Zoloft) and others — have been successful in reducing mood symptoms. SSRIs are the first line treatment for severe PMS or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).
The four main "happiness hormones" (also neurotransmitters) are dopamine, the reward/motivation chemical; serotonin, the mood stabilizer for well-being; endorphins, natural painkillers that create euphoria; and oxytocin, the love/bonding hormone that fosters trust. These chemicals, often called "feel-good hormones," regulate mood, pleasure, and social connection, and can be boosted by lifestyle choices like exercise, diet, and social interaction, say Harvard Health, Houston Methodist, and Parkinsons NSW.
Because many people with winter-pattern SAD have vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplements may help improve symptoms. However, studies testing vitamin D as a treatment for SAD have produced mixed results, with some studies indicating that it is as effective as light therapy and other studies finding no effect.
Examples of hormonal imbalances that affect mental health include: Thyroid conditions, like hypothyroidism (too little thyroid hormone), which is usually linked to low mood or depression, or hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormone), which is usually linked to irritability and anxiety9.
Sadness and Depression
The "3 Cs of Depression" often refers to either the Cognitive Triad (negative views of self, world, and future) or the Cognitive Restructuring technique (Catch, Check, Change negative thoughts) used in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to manage depressive thinking, with Catching, Checking, and Changing helping individuals identify, question, and replace unhelpful thought patterns.
The #1 worst habit for anxiety isn't singular, but avoidance (procrastination), poor sleep, and negative thought patterns (like catastrophizing) are top contenders, creating vicious cycles where anxiety fuels these behaviors, and the behaviors, in turn, worsen anxiety by preventing healthy coping and creating more stress. Other significant habits include excessive caffeine, poor diet, too much screen time, and social withdrawal, all disrupting the body's ability to manage stress effectively.
Causes - Depression in adults
Vitamin D has been identified as a key factor in dopaminergic neurogenesis and differentiation. Consequently, developmental vitamin D (DVD) deficiency has been linked to disorders of abnormal dopamine signalling with a neurodevelopmental basis such as schizophrenia.
Engage in Natural Dopamine-Boosting Activities: Physical exercise, meditation, exposure to sunlight, engaging in hobbies, and listening to music can naturally increase dopamine levels. These activities not only help in elevating mood but also in reducing cravings.
Dopamine levels are most depleted by chronic stress, poor sleep, lack of protein/nutrients, obesity, and excessive sugar/saturated fats, which desensitize receptors and impair production; substance misuse (like cocaine) and certain health conditions (like Parkinson's) also directly damage dopamine systems, reducing its availability. Unhealthy lifestyle habits, especially those involving processed foods and lack of sleep, significantly deplete this crucial neurotransmitter.
Rather, extant data suggest that loneliness levels tend to peak in young adulthood (defined here as < 30 years) and then diminish through middle adulthood (30 – 65 years) and early old age (65 – 80 years) before gradually increasing such that loneliness levels do not reach and surpass young adult levels until oldest ...
In humans, the peak level secretion occurs in the morning (07:00–08:00 a.m.), which is considered the active phase, while its lowest secretion is around 02:00–04:00 a.m. at night [44,47]. Figure 2 demonstrates the circadian rhythm of cortisol.
Your nervous system goes into fight-or-flight mode, making it harder to sleep. When you're lonely, research shows that your brain can produce an excess of norepinephrine, a hormone that's a crucial “signal during the fight or flight response.” Loneliness can feel, to our social selves, like dire straits.