It is similar to the /u:/ sound, but it is shorter. /ʊ/ not /u:/. To produce the ʊ sound put your tongue close to the top and near the back of your mouth and make a short voiced sound with your mouth closed.
To make the /ɑ/ sound:
Your tongue should be positioned low in your mouth, and shifted toward the back. Your mouth should be open wider than /ʌ/ or /o/. Vibrate your vocal cords and push air from your mouth.
It is similar to the /ɒ/ sound, but the two little dots mean that it is a longer sounds. /ɔ:/ not /ɒ/. To produce the sound put your tongue low and at the back of your mouth and lightly push your lips together while making a long voiced sound.
There are two main types of [u] sound: /uː/, which is long and high, and /ʊ/, which is short and a bit more open. And then there is a third one, /u/, which is a mixture of the previous two.
The only difference between "ú" and "ů" is their position in the word; "ú" is only used at the beginning of a word, while "ů" is used inside or at the end of a word (the reason why "ú" is used in the word "trojúhelník" is because the word is composed of two separate words: "troj-" and "úhelník").
This is the /u:/ sound. It is a Vowel sound and it's technical name is the 'Close Back Rounded Vowel'.
Pronunciation: The sound /ʃ/ is a voiceless, alveo-palatal, fricative consonant. Lightly press the middle of your tongue between your alveolar ridge and your soft palate. The sides of your tongue should lightly touch your back upper teeth.
The ʒ sound is from the 'Consonants Pairs' group and it is called the 'Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant'. This means that you create friction through clenched teeth by directing air flow through a narrow channel formed along the middle of the tongue.
It is a short sound. The spelling of /ʊ/ is sometimes 'u'; eg. 'put' /pʊt/, and sometimes 'oo'; eg. 'cook' /kʊk/.
Some Ways of Spelling the /ɔ:/ Sound
or, as in: torch, porch, short, torture, horse, orchid, etc. ore, as in: chore, ore, pore, core, more, etc. our, as in: court, four, mourn, etc. oar, as in: hoarse, coarse, soar, hoard, oar, etc.
The biggest difference between these two sounds is that /ɒ/ is a short vowel and /ɔ:/ is a long one.
The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɔ⟩. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o".
/eə/ sound
To make this sound, first say /e/, then move your tongue backwards and close your mouth a bit to say /ə/.
So thus /ɑ/ would be a better choice in North America.
Across the pond, Received Pronunciation British and other dialects don't merge "father" and "bother" vowels like that, thus you get /ɒ/ to accommodate (by the way, /ɒ/ is the rounded version of /ɑ/.)
To make the /ŋ/ sound:
Lift the back of your tongue (like you're making a “k” sound) and place it against the soft palate at the back of your mouth. Vibrate your vocal cords. Do not let any air leave through your mouth; it should all leave through your nose.
The /ʤ/ sound is made through the mouth and it is Voiced which means that you vibrate your vocal chords to make the sound. It is defined by shape of you lips and the position of your tongue and it is an affricate, which is a sound made by closing the air flow but then opening it by forcing air through a narrow space.
The two sounds are similar, but the initial "d" in dʒ makes it a sharper sound. You can only make this sound for a brief moment, because of the initial "d." By contrast, the sound ʒ can be continued for a long time, like an "s" or "sh" sound.
With /tʃ/ the air is released suddenly like a sneeze, making it almost impossible to extended the sound for any length of time. In contrast, you can extended /ʃ/ virtually as long as you like, as people do when they really want someone to be quiet.
For the S sound, the tongue tip touches the back of the bottom front teeth. The front/middle part lifts a little bit. For the SH sound, the tongue tip lifts to the middle of the mouth.
These are both central vowels. However, /ʌ/ is a mid vowel, and /ɑ/ is a low vowel. When you pronounce /ʌ/, your tongue should be in the middle of your mouth and your mouth should not be opened widely. You can hear the difference between /ʌ/ and /ɑ/ in these words.