1. What substance in the table is the most toxic when ingested? Explain. Arsenic is the most toxic in the table with the lowest LD50 (15mg/kg).
LD50 less than 500 mg/kg indicates high toxicity. LD50 500 to 1,000 mg/kg indicates moderate toxicity. LD50 1,000 to 2,000 mg/kg indicates low toxicity.
LD50 is the abbreviation used for the dose which kills 50% of the test population. LC50 is the abbreviation used for the exposure concentration of a toxic substance lethal to half of the test animals. LD50 is expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight of the test animal (which must be mentioned).
LC50(50% Lethal Concentration)：Lethal Concentration 50
Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) is the amount of a substance suspended in the air required to kills 50% of a test animals during a predetermined observation period. LC50 values are frequently used as a general indicator of a substance's acute toxicity.
The median lethal dose (or LD50) is defined as the dose of a test substance that is lethal for 50% of the animals in a dose group. LD50 values have been used to compare relative acute hazards of industrial chemicals, especially when no other toxicology data are available for the chemicals.
In general, the smaller the LD50 value, the more toxic the chemical is. The opposite is also true: the larger the LD50 value, the lower the toxicity.
The lethal dose 50 (LD50) of a substance to rodents is useful and may have practical implications. The LD50 used for regulatory purposes should be based on the best performed studies. The most accurate estimate of the LD50 of caffeine orally to rats is 367mg/kg.
A substance is considered extremely toxic if it has an LD50 of less than 5 mgs/kg of animal body weight. To humans, this is the equivalent of a taste (less than 7 drops). It is Highly toxic if it has an LD50 of between 5 and 50 mg/kg of animal body weight to a human, this would be about a teaspoon.
If a species has a high LD50 it means it has a high tolerance to the poison. A low LD50 means the species is highly susceptible to the poison. The LD50 for a particular poison can vary greatly between different species of animals.
The IC50 values can be converted to estimate the lethal dose that kills 50 % of the animals (LD50) following the regression formula given by the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM): log LD50 (mg/kg) = 0.372 log IC50 (µg/mL) + 2.024 (ICCVAM, 2006).
By definition, LD50 is the dose that kills half of the tested population in an animal model. Analogously, the most common way to describe cytotoxicity in cell culture is the LC50, i.e., the concentration of a drug that kills half of the tested cells in culture (3, 4).
The most poisonous part of your body is probably your liver - more specifically, the fat-soluble vitamin A that is stored there. Your liver stores it in a safe form, and releases it and its breakdown products in a controlled manner for use by your body.
Toxic agent is anything that can produce an adverse biological effect. It may be chemical, physical, or biological in form. Toxic agents may be: chemical (such as cyanide), physical (such as radiation) and biological (such as snake venom).
The CMC is the highest concentration of a chemical in water that aquatic organisms can be exposed to acutely without causing an adverse effect. Likewise, the CCC is the highest concentration of a chemical in water that aquatic organisms can be exposed to indefinitely without resulting in an adverse effect.
Metabolism. Metabolism , also known as biotransformation , is the conversion of a chemical from one form to another by a biological organism. Metabolism is a major factor in determining toxicity .
Botulinum toxin
Scientists differ about the relative toxicities of substances, but they seem to agree that botulinum toxin, produced by anaerobic bacteria, is the most toxic substance known. Its LD50 is tiny – at most 1 nanogram per kilogram can kill a human.
Magnesium (as chloride) has of relatively low acute toxicity ( LD50, dermal, rat: >2000 mg/kg bw day);
It should be noted that no LD50 data exists for humans.
Toxicity data should therefore be used to understand the relative toxicity of various chemicals and which chemicals may require greater precautions when handled. The lower the LD50 value, the more toxic the substance.
The LD 50/60 or the lethal dose with NO medical intervention to 50% of the population after 60 days is between 320 and 450 rad (3.2 - 4.5 Gy). 2. Long-term: There is an increased risk of getting cancer later in life after a radiation exposure.
Does caffeine pose a danger to your health? The FDA estimates toxic effects, like seizures, can be observed with rapid consumption of around 1,200 milligrams of caffeine, or 0.15 tablespoons of pure caffeine.
People are often surprised when they learn that the amount of caffeine in Coke or Diet Coke is much less than in the same-sized coffee. Coke's caffeine content is 34mg for a 12-oz can, and Diet Coke caffeine content is 46mg. That's three to four times less than coffee!
For healthy adults, up to 400 mg/day is considered safe. Pregnant or breastfeeding women are advised to consume no more than 200 mg/day. People with cardiovascular health issues should also consider limiting their caffeine intake.
Botulinum toxin
Scientists differ about the relative toxicities of substances, but they seem to agree that botulinum toxin, produced by anaerobic bacteria, is the most toxic substance known. Its LD50 is tiny – at most 1 nanogram per kilogram can kill a human.