The voiced alveolar
Pronunciation: The sound /ʃ/ is a voiceless, alveo-palatal, fricative consonant. Lightly press the middle of your tongue between your alveolar ridge and your soft palate. The sides of your tongue should lightly touch your back upper teeth.
The front part of the tongue is hanging in the middle of the mouth not touching anything. This sound is forward and focused because of the position of the lips. The corners come in, pushing the lips away from the face. This lip position will be a little more relaxed when the R comes at the end of the syllable.
To make the /ŋ/ sound:
Lift the back of your tongue (like you're making a “k” sound) and place it against the soft palate at the back of your mouth. Vibrate your vocal cords. Do not let any air leave through your mouth; it should all leave through your nose.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɦ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h\ . In many languages, [ɦ] has no place or manner of articulation. Thus, it has been described as a breathy-voiced counterpart of the following vowel from a phonetic point of view.
The [ɹ] is acting as the core of the syllable in [bɹd], a privilege which is usually reserved for vowels. A vertical line diacritic is used to mark those occasions where [ɹ] has a special vowel-like role in a syllable. The usual transcription bird is therefore [bɹ̩d].
So what are the consonant symbols used in English which are harder to read? They are: /ɹ/ — This represents the standard (American & British) English “r.” You may wonder why the “r” is upside down. That's because /r/ in IPA represents the “trilled r” you hear in Spanish, Italian and Russian.
English [ɹ] is a retroflex approximant -- the tongue tip is curled up toward the postalveolar region (the area immediately behind the alveolar ridge).
The sounds /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ are both voiceless, alveo-palatal consonants. However, /tʃ/ is an affricate while /ʃ/ is a fricative. When you pronounce /tʃ/, the air in your mouth should stop (like a /t/) before it is released (like a /ʃ/).
Sound 1: /tʃ/ Tip:To produce this sound, your tongue should touch the tooth ridge to stop air. Then, move your tongue behind the tooth ridge to release air. The sound /dʒ/ begins as a stop (with no air coming through the mouth) but then moves into a fricative (with some air released).
The close-mid central rounded vowel, or high-mid central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɵ⟩, a lowercase barred letter o.
Syllabic [ɹ] is a monophthong vowel with a steady constriction that is similar to that of the constriction target of the postvocalic [ɹ].
The second r-consonant is the alveolar flap [ɾ]. This is an allophone of phonemes /r/ and /t/ and it only occurs in American English. The manner of articulation is essentially the same as in the sound [ɹ], except for the flap.
Corresponds to [ɹ ~ ɾ ~ ɻ] in other dialects of English in Ireland. Described both as a fricative and an approximant. More rarely it is a trill [ʀ].
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a dental, alveolar, or postalveolar tap or flap is ⟨ɾ⟩. The terms tap and flap are often used interchangeably.
As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, [ɹ] occurs in Edo, Fula, Murrinh-patha, and Palauan.
The retroflex approximant [ɻ] is in free variation with the postalveolar approximant /ɹ/ in many dialects of American English, particularly in the Midwestern United States. Polish and Russian possess retroflex sibilants, but no stops or liquids at this place of articulation.
Ezh (Ʒ ʒ) /ˈɛʒ/, also called the "tailed z", is a letter the lower case form of which is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), representing the voiced postalveolar fricative consonant.
English has two liquid phonemes, one lateral, /l/ and one rhotic, /ɹ/, exemplified in the words led and red. Many other European languages have one lateral and one rhotic phoneme.
Before any vowel sound, /r/ has the consonantal pronunciation [ʁ]. In all other contexts it's pronounced as the vowel [ɐ].
/ʊ/is a high, back, lax vowel. To make it, your tongue should be lifted high in the mouth (slightly lower than /u/), and shifted toward the back. Keep your lips relaxed and slightly open. Then, vibrate your vocal cords as you push air out of your mouth.