- Phenobarbital (Luminal) - Mephobarbital (Mebaral) - Secobarbital (Seconal) - Butabarbital (Butisol) - Pentobarbital (Nembutal) - Butalbital and Butalbital combinations (Fioricet/Codeine) These medications are highly addictive and cause more adverse effects than most other sedatives in the elderly, greatly increasing ...
Overdoses are a leading cause of medication fatalities. And although prescription drugs are the most common offenders, it's also possible to overdose on over-the-counter medications. Seniors, in particular, are at risk of overdosing due to declines in memory.
Hospitalization after emergency department visits for adverse drug events in older Americans resulted most commonly from warfarin, insulins, oral antiplatelet agents, and oral hypoglycemic agents [25].
Who is Defined as Elderly? Typically, the elderly has been defined as the chronological age of 65 or older. People from 65 to 74 years old are usually considered early elderly, while those over 75 years old are referred to as late elderly.
Recognize the Warning Signs: Knowing symptoms to watch for can help you determine if your loved one may be overmedicated. Potential signs include: drowsiness; physical complications, like dry mouth and ulcers; confusion; withdrawal from family or friends; hallucinations; dizziness or falls; fractures; and seizures.
Tricyclic antidepressants, especially amitriptyline and dothiepin,16 are known to pose a high risk of death in overdosage. These drugs should therefore be avoided in older people whose medication is not supervised and who are at risk of taking an overdose.
Low-dose thiazide diuretics remain first-line therapy for older patients. Beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers are second-line medications that should be selected based on comorbidities and risk factors.
Benzodiazepines and beta blockers should generally be avoided when treating anxiety in the elderly.
Other drugs may be taken for only a short time to treat such problems as infections, some kinds of pain, and constipation. Almost 90% of older adults regularly take at least 1 prescription drug, almost 80% regularly take at least 2 prescription drugs, and 36% regularly take at least 5 different prescription drugs.
In the elderly, should prescription medication be necessary, the first-line treatment is nonbenzodiazepines (e.g., zolpidem, eszopiclone, zaleplon, and ramelteon) as they have been found to be safer and better tolerated than tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines.
Increased Sensitivity to Many Drugs: The problems of decreased body size, altered body composition (more fat, less water), and decreased liver and kidney function cause many drugs to accumulate in older people's bodies at dangerously higher levels and for longer times than in younger people.
The United States' older adult population can thus, be divided into three life-stage subgroups: the young-old (approximately 65 to 74 years old), the middle-old (ages 75 to 84 years old), and the old-old (over age 85).
One study classified older adults into the young old (60 to 69 years), the middle old (70 to 79 years), and the very old (80 years and older).
The American Psychological Association (1) states in Section 2.17 Age, (p 69): “Elderly is not acceptable as a noun and is considered pejorative by some as an adjective. Older person is preferred.
Prescription and over-the-counter medications are common sources of visual hallucinations in older adults. The most frequent offenders are anticholinergic agents, many of which are available over the counter, and dopaminergic agents, such as levodopa and dopamine agonists.
Common side effects include upset stomach, dry mouth, and drowsiness. A side effect is considered serious if the result is: death; life-threatening; hospitalization; disability or permanent damage; or exposure prior to conception or during pregnancy caused birth defect.
Trying to hold two contradictory ideas (heal but don't harm) is stressful. Perhaps that's why many physicians discount patient complaints about bad reactions to medications. This may also explain why some doctors become quite angry when we write about adverse drug reactions. Others just deny drug side effects are real.