To proof yeast, place yeast in a warm liquid (100 to 110 degrees F – it should be warm but not hot) with a little sugar and let it sit for a few minutes. Once it's foamy and creamy looking, you know the yeast is active and viable for baking.
After a few minutes, your yeast should be bubbly. If your water was too hot or your yeast was too old, your yeast mixture will look cloudy and flat. If this is the case, start over again to confirm your outcome.
The yeast should start eating the sugars, in which case you will start to see bubbles from the carbon dioxide that is forming. This process typically takes about 5-10 minutes.
A healthy activated yeast will start to pop to the top and bubble. After about 10 minutes, the top of the water should be foamy, frothy, and smell slightly of wheat or beer.
The dough should generally be proofed for around 1 to 4 hours at a warm temperature or overnight (or more) at a cold refrigerator temperature. As the proofing temperature increases, the total fermentation time will decrease.
Once the sugar has been evenly distributed throughout the water, add the yeast. Stir gently and let it sit. After 5 or 10 minutes, the yeast should begin to form a creamy foam on the surface of the water.
Look: Your dough should be about double the size it was when it started. If it's in a bowl covered with plastic wrap, then use a marker to trace an outline of the dough on the plastic — the dough is done rising/proofing when it stretches beyond that mark by about double.
Because the dough is fermenting during both rises, if the process goes on for too long, the finished loaf of bread can have a sour, unpleasant taste. The finished loaf usually also has a dense texture and isn't sufficiently chewy. Over-proofed loaves of bread have a gummy or crumbly texture.
If the yeast doesn't get foamy or bubbly, either the water is too hot and killed the yeast or the yeast is no longer active. Toss old yeast that doesn't activate and use new yeast for your recipe. The shelf life for unopened dry active yeast is usually about twelve months.
All in all, dead yeast in the water looks like small grainy specks that are difficult to see with the naked eye. Under a microscope, however, they appear as oblong shape cells with no internal workings.
The environment is too cold. Too much flour in the dough – if it's too dry and heavy, the yeast can't lift it! Not enough kneading – the gluten didn't develop enough to let the yeast lift it. Salt was added to yeast directly or too much salt was added — this can kill the yeast!
Proofing yeast, says Hamel, serves as proof that your yeast is alive and active. It shouldn't be necessary unless the yeast is near its expiration date and you just want to be sure. Proofing dough refers to letting the dough rise.
You do not need hot water to activate the yeast.
A small amount of room-temperature or slightly warm water works best. Once foamy, stir it with a spoon or a fork until the yeast is completely dissolved. It should be smooth and silky and you can carry on with the rest of the recipe.
If the yeast does not foam after proofing, there could be a few reasons why. The most common is that the yeast has either expired or was not stored properly. If you're working with yeast that does not foam, you'll need to discard the yeast and buy a fresh batch before continuing the recipe.
What bakers call the “poke test” is the best way to tell if dough is ready to bake after its second rise. Lightly flour your finger and poke the dough down about 1". If the indent stays, it's ready to bake. If it pops back out, give it a bit more time.
An overproofed dough won't expand much during baking, and neither will an underproofed one. Overproofed doughs collapse due to a weakened gluten structure and excessive gas production, while underproofed doughs do not yet have quite enough carbon dioxide production to expand the dough significantly.
If you want to tell if your yeast is still alive, get a cup of warm water, add a teaspoon of sugar, and add a bit of the questionable yeast. Within a half hour, the water should be fizzing and bubbling as the yeast gets to work. If nothing happens, your yeast is dead, and it is time to get a new supply.
If the mixture isn't bubbly, the yeast is no longer good. Dump out your mix, and start with fresh yeast.
In three to four minutes, the yeast will have absorbed enough liquid to activate and start to foam. After ten minutes, the foamy yeast mixture should have risen to the 1-cup mark and have a rounded top. If this is true, your yeast is very active and should be used in your recipe immediately.
While underworked dough can simply be fixed by a little more kneading, severely overworked dough cannot be fixed. Instead, the overworked dough will result in a hard loaf that will likely not be eaten. It's important not to overwork your dough and continually check for overworking throughout the kneading process.
Because the yeast has already exhausted some of the dough's food supply, it won't be as energetic and will create much smaller air bubbles. Those smaller bubbles will allow for a texture more suited to sandwich bread, however, and will result in hardier bread.
Overproofed is when the dough has rested too long and the yeast has continued making carbon dioxide while the strength of the dough (gluten bonds) have begun to wear out. The dough will look very puffy, but when you touch it or move it you may notice it deflate or sag.
Proofing (aka final fermentation, final rise, second rise, or blooming) is the dough's final rise that happens after shaping and just before baking. The entire dough fermentation process is sometimes referred to as the proofing process.
Generally speaking, yes, you need to cover the dough while it's rising. Covering the dough will create a warm moist atmosphere for the dough to rise nicely in. If it's cold or dry the dough won't rise as well as it should.
Yes. After the first rise, you can knead the dough lightly to remove some gas that causes air bubbles. This step is ideal if you want your dough to be flat and dense or if you want bread with a close crumb, like sourdough. If you prefer sourdough with an open crumb, just knead the dough lightly.