hideously changed" by madness when he attacks
As for Sam, his resistance likely has to do with his innate goodness and loyalty. His love for Frodo helped him to overcome the pull of the Ring and his inner pureness was never fully pierced by the Ring.
After Shelob attacked and seemingly killed Frodo, Sam took the Ring, intending to complete the quest on his own. Because he held the Ring for a time, he was considered one of the Ring-bearers and during the time he possessed it the Ring tempted him with visions of a great garden all for himself.
While Gandalf and Galadriel were offered it and tempted directly, others are not. Strider, Gimli, Merry, Pippin, Sam, and Legolas were in the presence of the Ring for months and did not succumb to its influence.
As Sam stood there, even though the Ring was not on him but hanging by its chain about his neck, he felt himself enlarged, as if he were robed in a huge distorted shadow of himself, a vast and ominous threat halted upon the walls of Mordor.
It's a constant reminder to Aragorn of his family history; his hesitation to take the ring from Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) is a direct result of Isildur's corruption. Although Boromir ultimately falls victim to the seductive nature of the ring, Aragorn is able to defy his family history and resist his urges.
Hobbits are simple creatures and do not wish for much, so there is nothing for the Ring to use against a hobbit. Frodo is the hobbit that is corrupted the most next to Gollum and Bilbo, which is why he is unable to throw the Ring into the fire.
Except for Tom Bombadil, nobody seemed to be immune to the corrupting effects of the One Ring, even powerful beings like Gandalf and Galadriel, who refused to wield it out of the knowledge that they would become like Sauron himself.
Another extraordinary capacity Bombadil possessed was his immunity to the power of the One Ring; he could see Frodo when Frodo wore it, and could wear it himself with no effect. He even tossed the Ring in the air, making it vanish, then produced it from his other hand.
Sam was affected by the Ring, yes. It tried to corrupt Sam, and Sam did use some of its powers. Given more time, the Ring could have affected Sam further. However, Sam generally had no interest in the Ring, and he didn't really have any power himself that the Ring could have built on.
The first is that Bilbo is a hobbit, and as such, is particularly difficult to manipulate or corrupt. Hobbits have a natural resistance to the influence of the ring, because they are fully content in their simple lives and have no desires for power or war.
Though someone could start out with good intentions, the Ring would eventually corrupt them. And that is why Gandalf can't touch it. He is afraid that if he did, it would corrupt him and make him just as bad as Sauron since Sauron put so much of himself and his evil into the One Ring.
Does Sam ever see Frodo again? Yes, Sam eventually gets to visit Frodo again in the Undying Lands after the destruction of the One Ring. Sam is among the Fellowship of the Ring members who set sail from the Grey Havens to the Undying Lands, along with Frodo, Bilbo, Galadriel, Elrond and Gandalf.
The Second Age ended, and Isildur became High King of both Arnor and Gondor. Isildur took up the hilt-shard of Narsil, Elendil's sword, and cut the One Ring from the hand of Sauron. Despite the urging of Elrond and Círdan, Gil-galad's lieutenants, Isildur did not throw the Ring into the fires of Mount Doom.
Samwise Gamgee is the hero of The Lord of the Rings. Frodo had to carry the burden of the One Ring, but he would never have made it to Mount Doom without Sam. Sam remained positive until the very end.
While the previous 19 rings were crafted with the help of the Elves, the final ring, the 'One Ring to rule them all,' was crafted by Sauron alone; with the ability to dominate the other rings, the One Ring was made with some of Sauron's own power, in order to make it more powerful.
Arwen isn't necessarily dying because of the Ring, but now that she is mortal, she is dying through the slow decaying of time. Arwen also faces the same fate as all those in Middle Earth should the Ring Bearer fail his mission. So in that way, her fate is tied to the Ring.
Together, the two of them were known as the Blue Wizards. The one in brown was Radagast and the one in grey was Gandalf, seemingly the oldest and the least of the Order.
Hobbits Proved the Most Unlikely of Heroes
Though Elves and Maiar had greater natural resistance to the Ring's effects, Hobbits possessed an inborn resilience to its primary means of temptation. In fact, they saved Middle-earth from Sauron precisely because they could fend off his influence better than most others.
Ents are arguably the strongest race in terms of physical power. They are said to be able to bend steel and stone as if it is paper, and their attack on Isengard in The Two Towers shows them to be an unstoppable force.
So the answer is that he would put the Ring on his lost finger and thus restore it.
Sauron was already corrupted when he chose to put much of his power into the Ring to gain further control of Middle-earth. Some other characters are of an earlier time, and are unaffected by the Ring; the giant spider Shelob is unquestionably evil but uninterested in the Ring.
The Fellowship can't ride eagles to Mordor because of the giant, flying snake-dragon monsters ridden by One-Ring-sensing warrior kings and their half-mile-wide aura of fear.
The reasons for the Elves inviting him are clear given his destruction of the One Ring and Sauron, but Frodo's reasons for accepting are less so. Ultimately, it was the injuries that the ring-bearer Frodo endured on his journey that pushed him to leave Middle-earth.