Some studies found that men are more optimistic than women, but these findings relate to financial and economic contexts (e.g.11,12,13), where men and women have different perceptions of and attitudes toward risk (e.g., on average, more males than females favor risk12,14,15,16).
Prior work has shown that there are gender differences in optimism or positive expectations about future outcomes (Carver et al., 2010), distinct from risk preferences. For example, Jacobsen et al. (2014) found that increased optimism could account for men's higher investments in risky assets (e.g., stocks).
On average worldwide, surveys consistently find that women report higher life satisfaction than men. Yet, women are worse off in many ways: They tend to be less educated, earn less, report worse health and enjoy fewer opportunities.
Women generally have greater difficulty exerting influence than men do, particularly when they use influence that conveys compe- tence and authority. These findings indicate that gender differences in influence are mediated by gender differences in power.
The national picture shows a fairly even split: Forty-seven percent of Americans are either very or somewhat optimistic while another 53 percent are generally somewhat or very pessimistic. Breaking the data down by generation or by educational level also does not produce clear group differences.
Some studies found that men are more optimistic than women, but these findings relate to financial and economic contexts (e.g.11,12,13), where men and women have different perceptions of and attitudes toward risk (e.g., on average, more males than females favor risk12,14,15,16).
Extroverts benefit from a great reward–they tend to be happier. This research found that extroverts tend to be more optimistic, cheerful and better at mood regulation.
In studies that found a gender difference, women adopted participative styles of leadership and were more transformational leaders than men. Other studies find that no significant gender differences in leadership exist.
The ratio of male to female births, called the sex ratio, is about 105 to 100, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This means about 51% of deliveries result in a baby boy.
Social connectedness varies more by gender than any other demographic characteristic [27]. In general, women have larger and more varied social networks with more friends and more social support than men [25, 26].
It is now recognized that there are no significant sex differences in general intelligence, though particular subtypes of intelligence vary somewhat between sexes. While some test batteries show slightly greater intelligence in males, others show slightly greater intelligence in females.
For example, we know women score higher than men on personality traits such as agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extroversion. Women also commonly score higher on traits of anxiety and sympathy, while men tend to be more assertive and risk-taking.
According to a study published in the Social Indicators Research journal, we're the happiest between the ages of 30-34, and midlife (our 40s and 50s) is not perceived as the least happy period in life.
In almost all countries, if you compare the wages of men and women you find that women tend to earn less than men. These inequalities have been narrowing across the world. In particular, over the last couple of decades most high-income countries have seen sizeable reductions in the gender pay gap.
In public situations, men are somewhat more likely to hold their ground, act independently, and refuse to conform, whereas women are more likely to conform to the opinions of others in order to prevent social disagreement. These differences are less apparent when the conformity occurs in private.
Most people found the optimists more socially attractive. However, people who were themselves optimists liked the other optimist even more. On the other hand, people who were pessimists were not quite as keen on the optimist, but still preferred them to the pessimist.
Male births were much more likely to require the use of oxytocin, a hormone which stimulates contractions. "Of the women carrying male infants, 70 per cent of them had completely normal deliveries, compared to 76 per cent of females."
Summary. The sex ratio at birth is not equal: in every country births are male-biased. There are biological reasons why there are slightly more boys born every year than girls. The 'natural' sex ratio at birth is around 105 boys per 100 girls (ranging from around 103 to 107 boys).
Geneticists have discovered that all human embryos start life as females, as do all embryos of mammals. About the 2nd month the fetal tests elaborate enough androgens to offset the maternal estrogens and maleness develops.
Men are physically stronger than women, who have, on average, less total muscle mass, both in absolute terms and relative to total body mass. The greater muscle mass of men is the result of testosterone-induced muscular hypertrophy. Men also have denser, stronger bones, tendons, and ligaments.
Multiple studies have shown that women leaders prove to be better at engaging their teams as compared to male managers. The primary reason for a better engagement ratio as compared to men is their powerful observation skills. They know what motivates their team and what's required to keep them engaged.
“There are benefits of introversion,” says University of California, Riverside, psychologist Sonja Lyubomirsky. “But research shows that extroverts are happier.”
On average, introverts and extroverts are the same in terms of intelligence. But statistics show that around 70% of gifted people are introverts. People are considered "gifted" when they exhibit above-average intelligence or a superior talent for something, such as music, art or math.
While extroverts can often speak first and think later, introverts tend to think through the things they'll say, often ensuring that the right words are spoken. This makes them extremely attractive to other people! After all, who doesn't want to feel like the person they're talking to really gets them?
Studies tell us that, compared to boys, girls feel more pressure, and that they endure more of the physical symptoms of psychological strain, such as fatigue and changes in appetite. Young women are also more likely to experience the emotions often associated with anxiety.