There's no single "best" country for 2100, but projections suggest India and China will remain major global powers, with India potentially leading economically and demographically, while African nations like Nigeria will see massive population and economic growth, and the United States will remain significant but potentially shift in global rank. The "best" depends on metrics (economy, quality of life, power), but these shifting demographics and economic ascensions of the Global South are key trends.
According to the forecast by Fathom Consulting, Asian economies such as China and India are expected to lead the global economy with the highest GDP share. The report forecasts China to have a share of 22.68% and reach $101 trillion by 2100.
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Overview. Friedman predicts that the United States will remain the dominant global superpower throughout the 21st century and that the history of the 21st century will consist mainly of attempts by other world powers to challenge US dominance.
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The Global Challenges Foundation's 2016 annual report estimates an annual probability of human extinction of at least 0.05% per year (equivalent to 5% per century, on average). As of July 29, 2025, Metaculus users estimate a 1% probability of human extinction by 2100.
The projections in the report assume this with no upper limit, though at a slowing pace depending on circumstances in individual countries. By 2100, the report assumed life expectancy to be from 66 to 97 years, and by 2300 from 87 to 106 years, depending on the country.
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India has surpassed Japan to become the world's 4th largest economy, with a GDP of around USD 4.18 trillion. This milestone reflects strong growth, rising domestic demand, policy reforms, and expanding global influence, marking a significant shift in international economic rankings.
Emerging markets (E7) could grow around twice as fast as advanced economies (G7) on average. As a result, six of the seven largest economies in the world are projected to be emerging economies in 2050 led by China (1st), India (2nd) and Indonesia (4th)
The United States is currently considered the world's foremost superpower, as it is the only country whose status as a superpower finds broad consensus. China has received significant coverage as either a potential or established superpower.
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In his 2014 publication Great Power Peace and American Primacy, Joshua Baron considers China, France, Russia, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States as the current great powers. Italy has been referred to as a great power by a number of academics and commentators throughout the post-WWII era.
The data indicates India will reach its peak population in 2061 with 1.7 billion people. By 2100, its population is expected to be around 1.5 billion, remaining one of the most populous nations.
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Australia has a high standard of living supported by an educated workforce and a high level of innovation. The quality of education, healthcare, transport, infrastructure and government services in Australia are all above international averages.
The direct death toll alone could amount to tens to hundreds of millions of people. Or maybe even billions. If, in an absolute worst case scenario, 99 percent of the world population would die, that would leave 80 million people alive. Meaning in terms of population we would be back to 2500 BC.
India is expected to retain it's #1 ranking as the largest country by the end of this century. Meanwhile, despite its population halving over the next 75 years, China is still expected to be the second-most populous country in 2100. China's projected population crash has garnered a lot of attention for the last decade.
No, no one has ever lived to be 200 years old with verified records; the oldest verified person was Jeanne Calment, who lived to 122 years and 164 days, but some scientists believe the first person to reach 200 may have already been born, given advancements in longevity research. Claims of much older ages, like Li Ching-yun (claimed 250+ years) or Peng Zu (claimed 800+ years), lack modern scientific verification.
The Triassic Period (252-201 million years ago) began after Earth's worst-ever extinction event devastated life. The Permian-Triassic extinction event, also known as the Great Dying, took place roughly 252 million years ago and was one of the most significant events in the history of our planet.
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Other global catastrophic risks include climate change, environmental degradation, extinction of species, famine as a result of non-equitable resource distribution, human overpopulation or underpopulation, crop failures, and non-sustainable agriculture.