- Must have either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. - Symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment. - No manic or hypomanic behavior.
An estimated 3.8% of the population experience depression, including 5% of adults (4% among men and 6% among women), and 5.7% of adults older than 60 years. Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression (1). Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men.
Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder are two of the most common types of depression that people experience, however, there are many types of depression.
Persistent Depressive Disorder
This term is used to describe two conditions previously known as dysthymia (low-grade persistent depression) and chronic major depression.
Most definitions include the “3 Ds”: Dysfunction, distress (or impairment), and deviance.
In contrast, major depression is defined in both the DSM-III and DSM-IV as the presence of either depressed mood or loss of interest or irritability (if 18 years or younger) with 5 or more depressive symptoms, lasting at least 2 weeks, with no history of a manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode.
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or development processes underlying mental functioning.
Autonomy and independence. Accurate perception of reality. Positive friendships and relationships. Environmental mastery – able to meet the varying demands of day-to-day situations.
The Ryff Scale is based on six factors: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Higher total scores indicate higher psychological well-being.
For each disorder included in DSM, a set of diagnostic criteria indicates symptoms that must be present (and for how long) as well as a list of other symptoms, disorders, and conditions that must first be ruled out to qualify for a particular diagnosis.
DSM-5 Depression Diagnostic Criteria
Feelings of sadness, low mood, and loss of interest in their usual activities must mark a change from a person's previous level of functioning and have persisted for at least two weeks.
Must have either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment. No manic or hypomanic behavior.
The 10-item Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) measures severity of depression in individuals 18 years and older. Each item is rated on a 7-point scale. The scale is an adaptation of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and has a greater sensitivity to change over time.
Sometimes little slogans can help us remember important recovery topics. The 4 C's is one of them: Family didn't cause mental illness or addiction, can't control it, can't cure it but certainly can cope with it. This is something that a lot of family members, especially parents, wonder about.
In his book “Developing Mental Training,” psychologist Peter Clough, describes four important traits of mental toughness, which he calls the four C's: confidence, challenge, control and commitment.
Considerable and growing evidence shows that mental health and many common mental disorders are shaped to a great extent by social, economic and environmental factors.
Per DSM-5, other types of depression falling under the category of depressive disorders are: Persistent depressive disorder, formerly known as dysthymia. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
The two most common types of depressive disorders are major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD).
You may be diagnosed with mild, moderate or severe depression. Your mental health professional may diagnose you with depression if these symptoms: happen most days. last for at least two weeks.
In the DSM-IV, patients only needed one symptom present to be diagnosed with substance abuse, while the DSM-5 requires two or more symptoms in order to be diagnosed with substance use disorder. The DSM-5 eliminated the physiological subtype and the diagnosis of polysubstance dependence.
DSM–IV described two distinct disorders, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, with specific criteria for each. DSM–5 integrates the two DSM–IV disorders, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, into a single disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD) with mild, moderate, and severe sub-classifications.
The DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) includes two main criteria: moderate or greater impairment in personality functioning (Criterion A) and the presence of one or more pathological personality traits (Criterion B).
The 5Cs are competence, confidence, character, caring, and connection.
In addition to information and tools, this web-based resource presents an easy-to-follow employer framework for fostering a mental health-friendly workplace, centered around four pillars referred to as the “4 A's” – awareness, accommodations, assistance, and access.