There are four common methods of referring to a source document in the text of an essay, thesis or assignment. These methods are direct quotation from another source, paraphasing or summarising material, and citing the whole of a source document.
There are four widely-used referencing styles or conventions. They are called the MLA (Modern Languages Association) system, the APA (American Psychological Association) system, the Harvard system, and the MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) system.
In-text citations include the last name of the author followed by a page number enclosed in parentheses. "Here's a direct quote" (Smith 8). If the author's name is not given, then use the first word or words of the title. Follow the same formatting that was used in the works cited list, such as quotation marks.
For books: author, title, place of publication, publisher, and publication year. For articles: author, title of article, title of journal, volume, issue, date, page numbers, and doi or permalink. For web page resources: author, title of page, Web address or URL, and date of access.
These methods are direct quotation from another source, paraphasing or summarising material, and citing the whole of a source document.
There are two ways in which you can refer to, or cite, another person's work: a) by reporting or b) by direct quotation.
MLA citation style requires that writers cite a source within the text of their essay at the end of the sentence in which the source is used. The parenthetical reference should be inserted after the last quotation mark but before the period at the end of the sentence.
The APA referencing style is an "author-date" style, so the citation in the text consists of the author(s) and the year of publication given wholly or partly in round brackets. Use only the surname of the author(s) followed by a comma and the year of publication.
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Differences in citation styles come down to formatting differences in the order of the information elements, capitalization, punctuation, and presentation of the author's name, as well as how the individual references are presented within the text.
For in-text citation, the easiest method is to parenthetically give the author's last name and the year of publication, e.g., (Clarke 2001), but the exact way you cite will depend on the specific type of style guide you follow.
MLA is most often used in the Humanities disciplines including, but not limited to: English Language & Literature.
APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14).
APA 7 Style uses the author-date citation method with parentheses. After a quote, add parentheses containing the author's name, the year of publication, and the page number(s) the quote appears. For quotations that are on one page, type "p." before the page number.
There are two types of in-text citations in APA format: parenthetical and narrative. Parenthetical citations include the author(s) and the date of publication within parentheses. Narrative citations intertwine the author as part of the sentence with the date of publication (in parentheses) following.
Chicago claims to be the oldest citation style, originating in 1891, when handwritten papers were submitted to the University of Chicago Press and typeset by hand. “Composers” working on these manuscripts created a style sheet to guide their work, which was expanded over time to a pamphlet and eventually a book.
Author last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Month Year): Page range. DOI or URL.
APA style is the most common referencing style, but different schools, departments, and lecturers may have their own requirements. APA style is commonly used in Education, Business, and some Social Sciences and Humanities disciplines.
APA is the style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological Association. This form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social sciences, like psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other fields.
Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known.
Put your cursor at the end of the text you want to cite. Go to References > Insert Citation, and choose the source you are citing.