Kidney problems primarily cause high blood pressure (hypertension) because damaged kidneys struggle to remove excess salt and water, leading to fluid buildup and increased pressure, but the medications used to treat high blood pressure (like diuretics) can sometimes cause low blood pressure, and very severe kidney disease can also sometimes lead to blood pressure dropping too low, creating a dangerous cycle.
High blood pressure is an important risk factor for kidney disease, but in some cases, it is kidney disease which causes high blood pressure. In some patients it can be difficult to determine which came first.
Early Signs of Kidney Disease
Symptoms of kidney disease
Later stages of CKD
Nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, loss of appetite, swelling via feet and ankles, dry, itchy skin, shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, urinating either too much or too little. However, these are usually in the later stages, but they can also happen in other disorders.
You can check kidney function at home using at-home test kits for urine (detecting protein/albumin) or finger-prick blood tests (checking creatinine/eGFR), often with smartphone apps for analysis, or by monitoring symptoms like increased nighttime urination (nocturia), swelling, or changes in urine (blood, foam) and discussing results with a doctor, as home tests screen but don't replace professional diagnosis.
The main test for kidney disease is a blood test. The test measures the levels of a waste product called creatinine in your blood. A doctor uses your blood test results, plus your age, size, and gender to calculate how many millilitres of waste your kidneys should be able to filter in a minute.
Swollen ankles and feet
Decreased kidney function can lead to sodium (salt) retention, causing swelling in your feet and ankles. Swelling in the lower extremities can also be a sign of heart disease, liver disease and chronic leg vein problems. Learn more about salt and kidney disease.
Itching often happens on both sides of the body at the same time (for example, both arms or both legs). Itching is most common and severe in people with kidney failure,but those in the earlier stages of CKD may also notice milder itching.
The best drink for kidney repair and overall health is plain water, as it helps flush toxins, but mineral water, unsweetened green tea, black coffee (in moderation), low-potassium juices (like unsweetened cranberry), and herbal teas (like ginger or mint) are also great for variety and added benefits, while sugary sodas, alcohol, and coconut water should generally be avoided. Always consult a doctor for personalized advice, especially with kidney disease.
Where do I feel kidney pain? You feel kidney pain near the middle of your back, just under your ribcage, on each side of your spine where your kidneys are. Your kidneys are part of the urinary tract, the organs that make and remove urine from the body.
Kidney stones form in the kidneys. Symptoms may start as stones move into the ureters. The ureters are thin tubes that let urine pass from the kidneys to the bladder. Symptoms of kidney stones can include serious pain, upset stomach, vomiting, fever, chills and blood in the urine.
On the basis of the current available data, I favor lowering the blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease to less than 130/80 mmHg.
Diabetes and high blood pressure are the top culprits damaging kidneys most, as they harm the delicate filtering blood vessels, leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and failure; other major factors include smoking, obesity, dehydration, poor diet (high sugar/salt/red meat), certain medications (NSAIDs), lack of sleep, and genetic conditions. These factors create a cycle where damaged kidneys worsen blood pressure, further damaging them.
A sudden rise in blood pressure (hypertension) often signals an underlying issue like severe stress, certain medications (cold meds, birth control, NSAIDs), stimulants (caffeine, cocaine), dehydration, or a new medical condition such as kidney disease, sleep apnea, or thyroid problems, requiring urgent medical attention if severe, with symptoms like chest pain or vision changes. It's crucial to see a doctor to identify the cause, especially if you have symptoms, as sudden spikes can be dangerous.
When this happens, the kidneys are not able to remove all wastes and extra fluid from your body. Extra fluid in the blood vessels can raise your blood pressure even more, creating a dangerous cycle, and cause more damage leading to kidney failure.
Kidney disease is labelled a “silent killer” due to its lack of physical symptoms. Even with symptoms present, these are often overlooked or attributed to another health issue. This presents a real problem for patients, where early diagnosis is key to the progression of kidney disease to kidney failure.
CKD is evaluated using two simple tests – a blood test known as the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and a urine test known as the urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR).
Five key signs of kidney failure include persistent fatigue, swelling (especially in legs/ankles/feet), changes in urination (less frequent or foamy), nausea/vomiting/poor appetite, and itchy, dry skin, often resulting from waste buildup when kidneys can't filter properly. Other signs involve headaches, trouble sleeping, shortness of breath, and muscle cramps, as kidney failure affects fluid balance and toxin removal.
You can check kidney function at home using at-home test kits for urine (detecting protein/albumin) or finger-prick blood tests (checking creatinine/eGFR), often with smartphone apps for analysis, or by monitoring symptoms like increased nighttime urination (nocturia), swelling, or changes in urine (blood, foam) and discussing results with a doctor, as home tests screen but don't replace professional diagnosis.
Consistently clear, colorless urine may indicate a person is over-hydrating or a potential dysfunction in the kidneys. Healthy urine is pale-to-light yellow color and may appear almost clear at points.
Minuteful Kidney is a NHS funded service that enables patients to conduct their annual NICE recommended albumin-to-creatinine (ACR) urine test at home, using a smartphone app and test kit sent directly to them on behalf of their GP practice.
Most of the time, kidney pain symptoms occur under your ribs, to the right or left of your spine. Kidney pain may also radiate to other areas, such as your abdomen or groin. Sometimes, hip pain is confused with kidney pain, but hip pain is lower down in your back than kidney pain.