Apollo 8 showed that the equipment, the astronauts and the entire Apollo program team were capable of flying a crewed missionHuman spaceflight (also referred to as manned spaceflight or crewed spaceflight) is spaceflight with a crew or passengers aboard a spacecraft, often with the spacecraft being operated directly by the onboard human crew.https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Human_spaceflight
Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to successfully orbit the Moon and return to Earth. The Apollo 8 crew were also the first to witness and photograph an Earthrise. Crew: Frank Borman, William A.
And, for all the people back on earth, the crew of Apollo 8 have a message that we would like to send to you. “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
Apollo 8 was originally intended to be an Earth-orbital test of the Lunar Module. However, completion of the Lunar Module was behind schedule and NASA wanted to maintain its launch schedule with the goal of attempting the first lunar landing in summer 1969.
On Christmas Eve in 1968, Apollo 8's astronauts captivated the world with a live broadcast from lunar orbit. It was the night before Christmas in 1968 when the Apollo 8 astronauts beamed back a message for "the good Earth" while circling the moon.
Apollo 8 showed that the equipment, the astronauts and the entire Apollo program team were capable of flying a crewed mission to the Moon, conducting tasks in lunar space and returning the astronauts safely to Earth.
The Apollo 8 Christmas Eve Broadcast
William Anders: "For all the people on Earth the crew of Apollo 8 has a message we would like to send you". "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep.
NASA estimated the Apollo 8 astronauts only had a 50-50 chance of survival. Apollo 8 was the first manned Saturn V rocket launch and the first time people left Earth's gravity. Flying without a lunar module, the crew had no back-up plan in case of failure.
If the SPS engine failed when entering lunar orbit, the spacecraft would just loop around the moon and head home. If it failed while exiting lunar orbit, they don't get to come home. The other no-options situation was liftoff from the moon's surface.
On Christmas Eve, December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8 read from the Book of Genesis as they orbited the Moon. Astronauts Bill Anders, Jim Lovell, and Frank Borman, the first humans to travel to the Moon, recited verses 1 through 10 of the Genesis creation narrative from the King James Bible.
Apollo 13 was NASA's third moon-landing mission, but the astronauts never made it to the lunar surface. During the mission's dramatic series of events, an oxygen tank explosion almost 56 hours into the flight forced the crew to abandon all thoughts of reaching the moon.
[ music ] On December 24th 1968, Apollo 8 astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, and Bill Anders became the first humans to orbit the Moon, and the first to witness the magnificent sight called "Earthrise." Now, we can see this historic event exactly as the astronauts saw it, thanks to new data from NASA's Lunar ...
(4) MORTAL LOVES (MEN)
HYAKINTHOS (Hyacinthus) A prince of Lakedaimonia (southern Greece) who was loved by the gods Apollon and Zephryos. He was accidentally slain by Apollon in a game of quoits and transformed into a flower.
Collins was one of six astronauts to become a nonagenarian. The other five, who remain with us, include: Frank Borman II, 93 (Apollo 8) Jim Lovell, 93 (Apollo 8, 13)
Apollo is the god who affords help and wards off evil; various epithets call him the "averter of evil".
Just 18 hours after launch, Apollo 8 experienced a major problem: Borman fell ill and struggled through vomiting and diarrhea. The commander felt better after getting some sleep, but as a precaution, the other crewmembers radioed to Earth on a private channel and explained Borman's predicament.
Near the end of the second revolution around the Earth, the S-IVB's engine fired for a second time. This burn lasted more than five minutes and increased Apollo 8's speed from about 17,400 miles per hour to 24,226 miles per hour, enough to overcome Earth's gravity and send it on a trajectory toward the Moon.
With the world anxiously watching, Apollo 13, a U.S. lunar spacecraft that suffered a severe malfunction on its journey to the moon, safely returns to Earth on April 17, 1970.
Less than two years earlier, on Jan. 27, 1967, the three crew members of Apollo 1 — Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H. White II and Roger B. Chaffee — were killed in a fire on the launchpad during a preflight test at Cape Kennedy, Fla.
The Apollo 13 mission was to be the third lunar landing in the program before an on board explosion forced the mission to circle the Moon without landing.
In 0-G [zero gravity], it floats around. So when poor Frank [Borman] became ill, fortunately the spacecraft was in good shape, we were coasting along; it wasn't a particularly critical time... "The stuff was floating around.
Glory of the moon
Three hundred of the approximately 1 inch by 1 inch (2.5 by 2.5 centimeter) microfilm bibles flew aboard NASA's February 1971 Apollo 14 mission, the third of six flights to land men on the moon.
And, as we leave the Moon at Taurus-Littrow, we leave as we came and, God willing, as we shall return: with peace and hope for all mankind.” Those were the last words spoken on the moon by astronaut Gene Cernan, during the Apollo 17 mission, on Dec. 14, 1972. No one has set foot on the moon since.