Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence, also called TRAP sequence, TRAPS, or acardiac twinning, is a rare complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies. It is a severe variant of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) occurs in identical twin pregnancies when one twin has an absent or non-functioning heart and receives all of its blood from the normally functioning and developing "pump twin." The twins are joined by a large blood vessel between their umbilical cords.
Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP sequence) is a rare condition of monochorionic twin pregnancies. It arises when the cardiac system of one twin does the work of supplying blood for both twins. The twin supplying the blood is known as the "pump twin" and develops normally in the womb.
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Fetal Treatment: Radio-Frequency Ablation (RFA)
Over the years many efforts have been made to treat TRAP sequence. The goal was to find a way to safely stop flow to the acardiac mass, so that the normal pump twin is protected and is no longer in danger of heart failure or death.
Prognosis and outcome
Without intervention, the perinatal mortality rate in TRAP pregnancies is 35-55%. In contrast, selective reduction of the acardiac twin via RFA is associated with survival of the pump twin in over 90% of TRAP cases.
When both fetuses share one placenta, this is called a monochorionic placenta.
Key facts. When you're pregnant, avoid eating soft cheeses, unpasteurised milk products and undercooked meat, fish and eggs — these may contain germs that can harm your baby. Wash all fruits and vegetables and don't eat them if they've been pre-cut.
Certain uterine conditions or weak cervical tissues (incompetent cervix) might increase the risk of miscarriage. Smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs. Women who smoke during pregnancy have a greater risk of miscarriage than do nonsmokers. Heavy alcohol use and illicit drug use also increase the risk of miscarriage.
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Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a phenomenon with poor prognosis which is seen in 1/100 of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In TRAP sequence, there is a non-viable, acardiac fetus that has multiple anomalies and a pump fetus that feeds this fetus via vascular anastomosis in the placenta.
What is twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) Twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) is a condition in which blood flows unequally between twins that share a placenta (monochorionic), resulting in one fetus receiving more red blood cells than the other.
Vanishing twin syndrome (VTS) is a miscarriage that causes a pregnancy involving twins to become a pregnancy involving one baby. It occurs when one of the embryos detected during an ultrasound stops developing. VTS can't be treated or prevented.
It's best to avoid lying on your back, especially in late pregnancy, when the weight of the heavy uterus can press on the large blood vessels in your belly. When lying on your side, keep your body in line, with your knees bent slightly, and avoid twisting.
Even in your third trimester of pregnancy, bending is still considered safe for your baby. You'll probably find it becomes increasingly difficult for you, though, if not impossible. Apart from your extra body weight, the size of your belly is increasing.
Not eating enough during pregnancy can lead to various issues, such as fatigue, dizziness, headaches, constipation, and an increased risk of preterm birth or low birth weight.
The short answer is yes… with some caveats. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, coloring your hair while pregnant is highly unlikely to be toxic to your fetus. Animal studies show that even high doses of the chemicals in hair dye do not cause birth defects.
Monoamniotic-monochorionic Twins
This is the rarest type of twin, and it means a riskier pregnancy as the babies can get tangled in their own umbilical cords. If you have monoamniotic-monochorionic twins, your healthcare provider will monitor your pregnancy closely.
Mirror twins, or mirror image twins, is a term used to describe a characteristic of some twins whose features appear asymmetrically—that is, on opposite sides. When these twins are facing each other, it is as if they are looking in a mirror.
#1 Fraternal twins can be conceived as much as 24 days apart
For this reason, fraternal twins can be conceived a few weeks apart, though they generally will be born at the same time.