CRP is a plasma protein that reflects a measure of the acute phase response to inflammation and is one of the markers of choice in monitoring this response. CRP can be used for the prediction and early detection of periodontal disease.
Its diagnostic protocol includes a dental medical history, a clinical periodontal examination and a radiological examination. Treatment usually includes improving oral hygiene, dental scaling and root planing, as well as systemic and local antibiotic therapy. Surgical therapy will depend on each individual case.
In the study, when blood tests revealed generally healthy results, the subject's oral health generally was good. Meanwhile, blood tests showing positive results for particular markers usually were correlated with evidence of periodontal disease.
In a healthy mouth, the pocket depth is usually between 1 and 3 millimeters (mm). Pockets deeper than 4 mm may indicate periodontitis. Pockets deeper than 5 mm cannot be cleaned well with routine care. Take dental X-rays to check for bone loss in areas where your dentist sees deeper pockets.
Periodontal disease is a chronic infection of the gums characterised by a loss of attachment between the tooth and bone, and bone loss. C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation is a part of the acute phase response to acute and chronic inflammation.
Periodontitis and systemic inflammation
In comparison with healthy controls, patients with severe periodontitis have elevated levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (such as IL-1, IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen) and increased neutrophil numbers in the blood5,28,29,30.
Unrecognized infections, such as periodontal disease, may induce an acute-phase response, elevating CRP levels.
A top sign of periodontal disease is bleeding gums. Bleeding when flossing is a sign of early-stage gingivitis (gum disease). But if you start getting bleeding gums after brushing or (even worse) unexplained bleeding after eating, you may have more advanced periodontitis and should consult with a periodontist.
Advanced Periodontal Disease: The final stage of periodontal disease is when the infection has evolved into disease-causing bacteria. It can cause redness, swollen gums that ooze pus, sensitivity, loosening of teeth, painful chewing, severe bad breath, and bone loss.
The progression of periodontal disease is slow but steady. It only takes four days for plaque to reach its maximum extent, so you'll be able to physically see signs of gingivitis on day 5. Advanced stages of this disease can be seen in as little as a few weeks if you have not tried to reverse the gingivitis.
Anemia: a condition in which the body has too few red blood cells. If the lining of your mouth is pale and your tongue is too smooth, your dentist may suspect anemia and refer you for a blood test.
Cystatins are act as biomarkers for periodontal disease diagnosis. Many isoforms of Cystatins are secreted into saliva and GCF in periodontitis. Cystatin C in saliva act as a biomarker for diagnosing periodontitis as it levels are increased in saliva in periodontitis.
Gingivitis is sometimes mistaken for periodontitis and vice versa. They are both stages of periodontal disease.
Generalized aggressive periodontitis results in rapid destruction of the periodontium and can lead to early tooth loss in the affected individuals if not diagnosed early and treated appropriately.
Tetracycline antibiotics – Antibiotics which include tetracycline hydrochloride, doxycycline, and minocycline are the primary drugs used in periodontal treatment. They have antibacterial properties, reduce inflammation and block collagenase (a protein which destroys the connective tissue).
Conventional therapy for aggressive periodontitis consists of patient education, oral hygiene improvement, scaling and root planing, periodontal flap surgery, and frequent recall maintenance.
Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) is a disease characterized by rapid loss of periodontal tissues affecting systemically healthy individuals under age of 30 years.
How big of a role does age play in periodontal disease? It's true; periodontitis is more common in older people, affecting 70% of adults aged 65 and above. It's also because of this that toothlessness is more prevalent in seniors.
Periodontitis Stage 1: Initial. Periodontitis Stage 2: Moderate. Periodontitis Stage 3: Severe with potential for tooth loss. Periodontitis Stage 4: Severe with potential for loss of all the teeth.
Gingivitis and Gum Disease
Inflammation in the gums is linked to several different autoimmune disorders, including lupus, Crohn's disease, and scleroderma, among others.
Periodontal inflammation is initiated by the products of biofilm bacteria such as lipopolysaccharide molecules (LPS are components of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria; they are not found in Gram-positive bacteria). This creates a cascade of reactions.
Based on well-designed epidemiological studies, it has been shown that people with periodontal diseases present a higher risk for systemic inflammation (12, 56). Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that shares common mechanistic pathways with other systemic inflammatory diseases.