A hypernova (alternatively called a collapsar) is a very energetic supernova thought to result from an extreme core-collapse scenario. In this case a massive star (>30 solar masses) collapses to form a rotating black hole emitting twin energetic jets and surrounded by an accretion disk.
A hypernova — sometimes called a collapsar — is a particularly energetic core-collapse supernova. Scientists think a hypernova occurs when stars more than 30 times the mass of the Sun quickly collapse into a black hole. The resulting explosion is 10 to 100 times more powerful than a supernova.
The first hypernova observed was SN 1998bw, with a luminosity 100 times higher than a standard Type Ib. This supernova was the first to be associated with a gamma-ray burst (GRB) and it produced a shockwave containing an order of magnitude more energy than a normal supernova.
A hypernova explosion typically has a mechanical energy output of ~ 10^53 ergs, or about a factor of 100 greater than a supernova.
It is estimated that a Type II supernova closer than eight parsecs (26 light-years) would destroy more than half of the Earth's ozone layer. Such estimates are based on atmospheric modeling and the measured radiation flux from SN 1987A, a Type II supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
X-rays and more energetic gamma rays from the supernova could destroy the ozone layer that protects us from solar ultraviolet rays. It also could ionize nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of large amounts of smog-like nitrous oxide.
If a supernova explosion were to occur within about 25 light-years of Earth, our planet would probably lose its atmosphere, and all life would perish. However, astronomers haven't found any dangerous supernova candidates in our cosmic backyard, so there's no reason to worry.
The explosion – AT2021lwx – is a fireball 100 times the size of our Solar System and 10 times brighter than a supernova.
Usually a very dense core is left behind, along with an expanding cloud of hot gas called a nebula. A supernova of a star more than about 10 times the size of our sun may leave behind the densest objects in the universe—black holes.
A kilonova is an explosion resulting from the collision of two neutron stars, or a neutron star and a black hole. These events are extremely energetic, and can release as much energy in a few seconds as our Sun will produce in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime.
After a core collapse supernova, all that remains is a dense core and hot gas called a nebula. When stars are especially large, the core collapses into a black hole. Otherwise, the core becomes an ultra-dense neutron star.
A kilonova is smaller, by a factor of 10 to 100, so 420 to 430 decibels, and a hypernova (really just a very large supernova) might be bigger by a factor of 10, so about 450 decibels.
In October 2017, astronomers reported that observations of AT 2017gfo showed that it was the first secure case of a kilonova following a merger of two neutron stars.
Quasar is short for quasi-stellar radio source, because astronomers first discovered quasars in 1963 as objects that looked like stars but emitted radio waves. Now, the term is a catch-all for all feeding, and therefore luminous supermassive black holes, also often called active galactic nuclei.
Description. Supernovas are created during the last moments of a star's life. These gigantic explosions can wipe out galaxies and the planets inside them.
Although it's a little tricky to say what "bigger" means in this context, the answer is, in most senses, no. A supernova puts out about ten to a hundred times as much energy in the form of light, and hundred or more times as much matter is ejected.
When supernovae explode, they jettison matter into space at some 9,000 to 25,000 miles (15,000 to 40,000 kilometers) per second. These blasts produce much of the material in the universe—including some elements, like iron, which make up our planet and even ourselves.
One of the causes for the Ordovician mass extinction was an excess of gamma rays, predicted to be caused by a star going HYPERNOVA (from Wikipedia), 6,000 lightyears away, so the safe range is likely about 1000 for smaller hypernovas and for larger ones, up to 10,000 or 25,000.
The ultimate result of a kilonova is a so-called "hypermassive" merged neutron star that rapidly collapses to birth a black hole. But other details about these events remain largely unknown, so any information about the collisions that cause them are metaphorical gold dust to astrophysicists.
The largest explosion from an extraterrestrial source in recorded history occurred over Siberia in 1908: the Tunguska event. Scientists think a meteor exploded in the air, unleashing a 10- to 30-megaton explosion.
At about 20 million light-years from Earth, we're in absolutely no danger from SN 2023ixf. It's reckoned that the “kill zone” around a supernova is about 50 light-years. Within that, any planets might be subject to gamma rays that destroy the ozone layer, with ultraviolet radiation from the sun then extinguishing life.
At five times the mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud, Andromeda could completely destroy the Milky Way when the two collide. That cosmic catastrophe is expected in about four billion years' time.
The nearest known black hole is Gaia BH1, which was discovered in September 2022 by a team led by Kareem El-Badry. Gaia BH1 is 1,560 light-years away from Earth in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus.