The signs of inflammation include loss of function, heat, pain, redness, and swelling.
Based on visual observation, the ancients characterised inflammation by five cardinal signs, namely redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), heat (calor; only applicable to the body' extremities), pain (dolor) and loss of function (functio laesa).
The five Rs of glucocorticoid action during inflammation: ready, reinforce, repress, resolve, and restore.
Symptoms of inflammation include: Redness. A swollen joint that may be warm to the touch. Joint pain.
I Inflammation phase
During the early inflammatory phase, platelets in the wound site are activated by the disruption to blood vessels from the injury. They trigger blood coagulation, thereby influencing blood homeostasis in addition to releasing substances which promote cell migration to the area of injury.
The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is to localize and eliminate the injurious agent and to remove damaged tissue components so that the body can begin to heal.
There are three main types of inflammation: acute inflammation, which lasts several days; subacute inflammation, which lasts from 2 to 6 weeks; and finally, chronic inflammation, which can last for months or even years. The inflammatory process can be caused by external triggersand internal triggers.
Symptoms of acute inflammation last a few days. Subacute inflammation lasts 2–6 weeks . Chronic inflammation can continue for months or years.
The process from inflammation to the wound healing is divided into three phases: (1) inflammation process, (2) tissue formation, and (3) tissue remodeling. The inflammation program includes cell produced related factors and immune cells infiltration.
Although there are many inflammatory markers, also known as acute phase reactants, those most commonly measured in clinical practice (and discussed in this topic) are C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and procalcitonin (PCT).
Clinical Significance
The signs of inflammation include loss of function, heat, pain, redness, and swelling.
The best way to detect inflammation is by measuring inflammatory markers like high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and white blood cell count with a blood test.
The three most commonly used inflammatory markers are called C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma viscosity (PV).
To be diagnosed with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, a person must have two or more of the following: low or high body temperature, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, and an abnormal white blood cell count.
Load up on anti-inflammatory foods
Some of the best sources of omega-3s are cold water fish, such as salmon and tuna, and tofu, walnuts, flax seeds and soybeans. Other anti-inflammatory foods include grapes, celery, blueberries, garlic, olive oil, tea and some spices (ginger, rosemary and turmeric).
Anti-inflammatory foods
green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, and collards. nuts like almonds and walnuts. fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines. fruits such as strawberries, blueberries, cherries, and oranges.
Inflammation is associated with diseases such as the following: Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Cardiovascular diseases like high blood pressure and heart disease. Gastrointestinal disorders like inflammatory bowel disease.
The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.
Chronic inflammation: Your body continues sending inflammatory cells even when there is no outside danger. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis inflammatory cells and substances attack joint tissues leading to an inflammation that comes and goes and can cause severe damage to joints with pain and deformities.
Examples of conditions that involve acute inflammation include acute bronchitis, a sore throat from a cold or flu or an infected ingrown toenail.
Inflammation. Inflammation, the next stage of wound healing occurs within the first 24 hours after injury and can last for up to 2 weeks in normal wounds and significantly longer in chronic non-healing wounds (Figure 23.3).
Remodeling and Strengthening Phase
During the last phase of the healing, inflammation signs start to subside. The four cardinal signs are no longer visible. It is during the remodeling phase that collagen tissue fibers reorganize themselves. This happens to support the tissues better.
Acute inflammation will only last a couple days to weeks, whereas chronic inflammation lasts months to years.