Rather than placing the dough in the refrigerator overnight, leave it covered on the counter for 1 to 4 hours until it's ready to bake. Since the dough is proofed at room temperature, I find using the poke test a very effective way to tell when the bread dough is ready for the oven.
How long should the dough be left to rest? That really depends on the type of bread you're making and where you're letting the bread dough rise. For the most part, bread only needs about 1 to 3 hours at room temperature. If it's in the fridge, you can let it rise for up to 24 hours.
Keep the bread dough covered to protect the dough from drying out and keep off dust. Place your rising dough in a warm, draft-free place in the kitchen while it's rising. Too much heat will speed up the yeast activity, and too much cold air will slow it down.
Make sure that it has a lid, to prevent a tough skin from forming on your dough. Make sure that lid is not airtight, you want the gases from the yeast to escape or you will get a crazy alcohol smell building up in your bucket. If you have airtight seals on your bucket, just leave them ajar and it will be just fine!
I often just grab a large pot lid and use that over a bowl of proofing dough. A sheet tray works too — just make sure the seal is tight enough to prevent any air movement. For especially large batches I often use a food-safe trash bag, placing the entire bowl of dough inside the bag.
Covering the dough will create a warm moist atmosphere for the dough to rise nicely in. If it's cold or dry the dough won't rise as well as it should. What is this? So covering the dough while it rises keeps the moisture IN and the drying air out.
An overproofed dough won't expand much during baking, and neither will an underproofed one. Overproofed doughs collapse due to a weakened gluten structure and excessive gas production, while underproofed doughs do not yet have quite enough carbon dioxide production to expand the dough significantly.
If dough is left to rise for too long, it will cause issues with the taste and appearance of the bread. Excess fermentation occurring in either the first or second rise can lead to a sour, unpleasant taste if the dough gets left for a long time. Over-proofed loaves have a gummy or dense texture.
The best place to let dough rise is a very warm place. On a warm day, your counter will probably do just fine. But if your kitchen is cold, your oven is actually a great place. Preheat oven to 200 degrees for 1-2 minutes to get it nice and toasty, then turn it off.
To put things simply, when you do not allow your bread to rise, it is going to be dense and less flavorful. it will be more akin to a cake than anything else, given that it will be just dough and not the plethora of air bubbles that make bread into the fluffy loaves that everyone knows and loves.
If you don't let dough rise long enough then the bread will be dense, rubbery, and less flavorful. As the yeast ferments, it fills the dough with gas and gives the bread its airy texture. The flavors also come as byproducts of fermentation.
This rest allows the starches and the gluten to expand and fully absorb the water, which makes the dough easier to handle and can shorten the time needed to fully knead the dough. This is especially helpful in dough that is very sticky, like ciabatta.
Overproofed is when the dough has rested too long and the yeast has continued making carbon dioxide while the strength of the dough (gluten bonds) have begun to wear out. The dough will look very puffy, but when you touch it or move it you may notice it deflate or sag.
Look: Your dough should be about double the size it was when it started. If it's in a bowl covered with plastic wrap, then use a marker to trace an outline of the dough on the plastic — the dough is done rising/proofing when it stretches beyond that mark by about double.
Once dough is shaped, it needs to rise (be proofed) for a final time. It should be transferred to the pan it will be baked in or on (most often a loaf pan or baking sheet) first. As with previous rises, cover dough with lightly oiled plastic wrap and let it rise in a warm, moist environment.
Linen is durable, flexible and light, and is the best material to proof bread. Placing the dough between the folds maintains its shape, absorbs the excess moisture and prevents them from sticking to each other as they increase in size. Only a 100% linen cloth can do all these and release the dough without sticking.
It's ok to use cling film sometimes. Wherever you are in the world the conditions might mean that dough left out for a while under a cloth dries out on top, or un-avoidable draughts create a thick skin on your dough. Whatever the reason an air tight seal might help out.
Overkneaded dough will be tough and make tough, chewy bread. If you've kneaded by hand, you don't need to be too worried about overworked dough—you'll start to notice it getting difficult to manage.
While sugar and other sweeteners provide "food" for yeast, too much sugar can damage yeast, drawing liquid from the yeast and hampering its growth. Too much sugar also slows down gluten development. Add extra yeast to the recipe or find a similar recipe with less sugar. Sweet yeast doughs will take longer to rise.
Kneading bread dough allows the protein molecules in the flour to form, creating healthy gluten strands. Gluten is what helps the mixture create gas, which helps it rise and build texture. When the dough has been adequately kneaded and the gluten has formed properly, it will take on several different characteristics.